Dry Eye Disease associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: about clinical cases
Two clinical cases associated with chronic-degenerative diseases are presented, treated at the optometry clinic of the Iztacala School of Higher Education (FESI) at Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Objective: To show that patients with poor sleep quality and metabolic syndrome are a vulnerable population to present ocular surface alterations and dry eye disease (DR). Method: Assessment through the care protocol of the Ocular Surface Alterations Diagnostic Center (CDASO). Results: Patients with chronic-degenerative diseases and poor sleep quality tend to present mixed dry eye. Conclusion: The optometrist must apply a diagnostic protocol for dry eye disease associated with chronic-degenerative diseases and promote the multidisciplinary approach for the correct treatment and follow-up of the patient.
Zdebik, A., Lantzsch, H., Buhles, N., & Zdebik, N. (2020). Ocular manifestations of dermal paraneoplastic syndromes. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii, 37(3), 313-318.
Punjabi NM, Caffo BS, Goodwin JL, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and mortality: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000132.
Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Vicente E, et al. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea- hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study. Lancet 2005; 365: 1046–1053.
Baguet JP, Barone-Rochette G, Tamisier R, et al. Mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea. Nat Rev Cardiol 2012; 9: 679–688.
Kapur VK, Baldwin CM, Resnick HE, et al. Sleepiness in patients with moderate to severe sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep 2005; 28: 472–477.
Canessa N, Castronovo V, Cappa SF, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea: brain structural changes and neurocognitive function before and after treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: 1419–1426.
McNicholas WT, Bonsignore MR. Sleep apnoea as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: Current evidence, basic mechanisms and research priorities. Eur Respir J 2007; 29: 156–178.
Levy P, Bonsignore MR, Eckel J. Sleep, sleep-disordered breathing and metabolic consequences. Eur Respir J 2009; 34: 243–260.
Rask-Madsen, C., & King, G. L. (2013). Vascular complications of diabetes: mechanisms of injury and protective factors. Cell metabolism, 17(1), 20-33
Ljubimov, A. V. (2017). Diabetic complications in the cornea. Vision research, 139, 138-152
Nagai, N., Murao, T., Okamoto, N., & Ito, Y. (2010). Kinetic analysis of the rate of corneal wound healing in Otsuka long-evans Tokushima Fatty rats, a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Oleo Science, 59(8), 441-449.
Chang, S. W., Hsu, H. C., Hu, F. R., & Chen, M. S. (1995). Corneal autofluorescence and epithelial barrier function in diabetic patients. Ophthalmic research, 27(2), 74-79.
Siddique, M. K. B., Islam, S. M. S., Banik, P. C., & Rawal, L. B. (2017). Diabetes knowledge and utilization of healthcare
Lee W, Lim SS, Won JU, Roh J, Lee JH, Seok H, et al. The association between sleep duration and dry eye syndrome among Korean adults. Sleep Med. 2015;16(11):1327-1331.
Tang L, Wang X, Wu J, Li S, Zhang Z, Wu S, Su T, Lin Z, Chen X, Liao X, Bai T, Qiu Y, Reinach P, Li W, Chen Y, Liu Z. Sleep Deprivation Induces Dry Eye Through Inhibition of PPARα
De Gregorio, A., Cerini, A., Scala, A., Lambiase, A., Pedrotti, E., & Morselli, S. (2021). Floppy eyelid, an under-diagnosed syndrome: a review of demographics, pathogenesis, and treatment. Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology, 13, 25158414211059247.
Ting, R. J. E., Singh, N., Ling, M., Spencer, S. K., Khan, M. A., Desai, A., ... & Francis, I. C. (2020). Assessment of obstructive sleep apnoea and sleeping laterality by evaluating upper eyelid distraction: a prospective, comparative polysomnographic study. Cureus, 12(8).
Kloosterboer, A., Negron, C. Y., & Stokkermans, T. J. (2023). Floppy Eyelid Syndrome. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
Spring TF. Reaction to hydrophilic lenses. Med J Aust 1974;1(12):449–50
Dunn SP, Heidemann DG. Giant papillary conjunctivitis. In: Mannis M, Holland E, editors. Cornea. Elsevier; 2017. p. 542–8.
Ono, S. J., & Abelson, M. B. (2005). Allergic conjunctivitis: update on pathophysiology and prospects for future treatment. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 115(1), 118-122.
Bron, A. J., de Paiva, C. S., Chauhan, S. K., Bonini, S., Gabison, E. E., Jain, S., ... & Sullivan, D. A. (2017). Tfos dews ii pathophysiology report. The ocular surface, 15(3), 438-510.)
Stapleton, F., Alves, M., Bunya, V. Y., Jalbert, I., Lekhanont, K., Malet, F., ... & Jones, L. (2017). Tfos dews ii epidemiology report. The ocular surface, 15(3), 334-365.
Zhang, X., Wang, S., Xu, H., Yi, H., Guan, J., & Yin, S. (2021). Metabolomics and microbiome profiling as biomarkers in obstructive sleep apnoea: A comprehensive review. European Respiratory Review, 30(160).
Stanek, A., Brożyna-Tkaczyk, K., & Myśliński, W. (2021). Oxidative stress markers among obstructive sleep apnea patients. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2021.
Wan KH, Chen LJ, Young AL. Depression and anxiety in dry eye disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye (Lond). 2016;30:1558–1567.
Han SB, Yang HK, Hyon JY, Wee WR. Association of dry eye disease with psychiatric or neurological disorders in elderly patients. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:785–792.
Breslau N, Roth T, Rosenthal L, Andreski P. Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: a longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;39:411–418
Lin, E. H., Katon, W., Rutter, C., Simon, G. E., Ludman, E. J., Von Korff, M., ... & Walker, E. (2006). Effects of enhanced depression treatment on diabetes self-care. The Annals of Family Medicine, 4(1), 46-53.
Egede, L. E., & Ellis, C. (2010). Diabetes and depression: global perspectives. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 87(3), 302-312.
Johns, M. W. (1991). A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. sleep, 14(6), 540-545.
McNab, A. A. (1997). Floppy eyelid syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 13(2), 98-114.
Iyengar, S. S., & Khan, J. A. (2007). Quantifying upper eyelid laxity in symptomatic floppy eyelid syndrome by measurement of anterior eyelid distraction. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 23(3), 255.
Figueira, E. C., Chen, T. S., Agar, A., Coroneo, M. T., Wilcsek, G., Nemet, A., & Francis, I. C. (2014). LESCs: lateralizing eyelid sleep compression study. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, 30(6), 473-475.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
