Abstract
According to advanced studies in Latin America, it is expected that the prevalence of myopia will increase to considerable numbers. In such context, some hypotheses describe the role of vitamin D in increasing axial length. The objective of this study is to know the influence of factors associated with the development and progression of myopia, such as the environment and nutrition, with vitamin D deficiency. Such work was carried out, including subject reviews, clinical trials, and comparative studies in Spanish or English, published between 2005 and 2018. The review was carried out with the help of different databases. Various hypotheses describe the role of vitamin D in eye growth; one focuses on vitamin D and its relationship with dopamine. Also, epidemiological studies suggest that spending more time outdoors is a modifiable and protective environmental factor for children against the development of myopia. A relationship between vitamin D deficiency and ocular growth was evidenced, which generates myopia, from the point of view of vitamin D synthesis and genetic factors that alter the ocular axial length.References
Foster PJ, Jiang Y. Epidemiology of myopia. Eye. 2014;28(2): 202-208. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2013280
Brito A, Cori H, Olivares M, Mujica MF, Cediel G, Lopez de Romana D. Less than adequate vitamin D status and intake in Latin America and the Caribbean: a problem of unknown magnitude. Food Nutr Bull. 2013;34(1): 52-64. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/156482651303400107
Russo A, Semeraro F, Romano MR, Mastropasqua R, Dell’Omo R, Costagliola C. Myopia onset and progression: can it be prevented? Int Ophthalmol. 2014;34(3): 693-705. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-013-9844-1
Cuellar-Partida G, Williams KM, Yazar S, Guggenheim JA, Hewitt AW, Williams C, et al. Genetically low vitamin D concentrations and myopic refractive error: a Mendelian randomization study. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(6): 1882-1890. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyx068
Yoon K-C, Mun G-H, Kim S-D, Kim S-H, Kim CY, Park KH, et al. Prevalence of eye diseases in South Korea: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2009. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2011;25(6): 421-433. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2011.25.6.421
Rose KA, French AN, Morgan IG. Environmental factors and myopia: paradoxes and prospects for prevention. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol. 2016;5(6): 403-410. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1097/APO.0000000000000233
Holden B, Sankaridurg P, Smith E, Aller T, Jong M, He M. Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control. Eye. 2014;28(2): 142-146. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2013.256
Walline J. Myopia control: a review. Eye Cont L. 2016;42(1): 3-8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000207
Jones LA, Sinnott LT, Mutti DO, Mitchell GL, Moeschberger ML, Zadnik K. Parental history of myopia, sports and outdoor activities, and future myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(8): 3524-3532. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.06-1118
Donovan L, Sankaridurg P, Ho A, Chen X, Lin Z, Thomas V, et al. Myopia progression in Chinese children is slower in summer than in winter. Opto Vis Sci. 2012;89(8): 1196-1202. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e3182640996
Tan D, Tay SA, Loh KL, Chia A. Topical atropine in the control of myopia. Asia-Pac J Ophthalmol. 2016;5(6): 424-428. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1097/APO.0000000000000232
Xiong S, Sankaridurg P, Naduvilath T, Zang J, Zou H, Zhu J, et al. Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Act Ophthalmol. 2017;95(6):551-566. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5599950
Hoel DG, Berwick M, de Gruijl FR, Holick MF. The risks and benefits of sun exposure 2016. Dermatoendocrinol. 2016;8(1): e1248325. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/19381980.2016.1248325
Yazar S, Hewitt AW, Black LJ, McKnight CM, Mountain JA, Sherwin JC, et al. Myopia is associated with lower vitamin D status in young adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(7): 4552-4559. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-14589
Guggenheim JA, Williams C, Northstone K, Howe LD, Tilling K, St Pourcain B, et al. Does vitamin D mediate the protective effects of time outdoors on myopia? Findings from a prospective birth cohort. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(12): 8550-8558. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-15839
Mutti DO, Marks AR. Blood levels of vitamin D in teens and young adults with myopia. Optom Vis Sci. 2011;88(3): 377-382. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e31820b0385
Choi JA, Han K, Park Y-M, La TY. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with myopia in Korean adolescents. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(4): 2041-2047. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1167/IOVS.13-12853
Guggenheim JA, Northstone K, McMahon G, Ness AR, Deere K, Mattocks C, et al. Time outdoors and physical activity as predictors of incident myopia in childhood: a prospective cohort study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(6): 2856-2865. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-9091
Jones-Jordan LA, Sinnott LT, Cotter SA, Kleinstein RN, Manny RE, Mutti DO, et al. Time Outdoors, Visual Activity, and Myopia Progression in Juvenile-Onset Myopes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(11): 7169-7175. Disponible en: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3474591/
Galvis V, Tello A, Camacho PA, Parra MM, Merayo-Lloves J. Bio-environmental factors associated with myopia: An updated review. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2017;92(7): 307-325. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oftal.2016.11.016
Wu P-C, Tsai C-L, Wu H-L, Yang Y-H, Kuo H-K. Outdoor activity during class recess reduces myopia onset and progression in school children. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(5): 1080-1085. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.11.009
Zorena K, Gladysiak A, Slezak D. Early Intervention and Nonpharmacological Therapy of Myopia in Young Adults. J Ophthalmol. 2018: 4680603. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4680603
Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, Jong M, Naidoo KS, Sankaridurg P, et al. Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(5): 1036-10342. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006
Jonas JB, Xu L. Histological changes of high axial myopia. Eye. 2014;28(2): 113-117. Disponible en: https://www.nature.com/articles/eye2013223
Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Situation Analysis of Visual Health in Colombia. 2016; Conv 519 of 2015: 49-56.
Glade MJ. A 21st century evaluation of the safety of oral vitamin D. Nutrition. 2012;28(4): 344-356. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2011.11.006
Hobday R. Myopia and daylight in schools: a neglected aspect of public health? Perspect Public Hea. 2016;136(1): 50-55. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913915576679
Yazar S, Hewitt AW, Black LJ, McKnight CM, Mountain JA, Sherwin JC, et al. Myopia is associated with lower vitamin D status in young adults. Investig Opthalmology Vis Sci. 2014;55(7): 4552. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-14589
Smith MJ, Walline JJ. Controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents. Adolesc Heal Med Ther. 2015;6: 133-140. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S55834
Low W, Dirani M, Gazzard G, Chan Y-H, Zhou H-J, Selvaraj P, et al. Family history, near work, outdoor activity, and myopia in Singapore Chinese preschool children. Brit Jour Ophthal. 2010;94(8): 1012-1016. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2009.173187
Ramamurthy D, Lin Chua SY, Saw S-M. A review of environmental risk factors for myopia during early life, childhood and adolescence. Clin Exp Optom. 2015;98(6): 497-506. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12346
Tideman JWL, Polling JR, Voortman T, Jaddoe VWV, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, et al. Low serum vitamin D is associated with axial length and risk of myopia in young children. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016;31: 491-499. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0128-8
Mutti DO, Cooper ME, Dragan E, Jones-Jordan LA, Bailey MD, Marazita ML, et al. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and group-specific component (GC, vitamin D-binding protein) polymorphisms in myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. June 2011;52(6): 3818-3824. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-6534
Ashby R, Ohlendorf A, Schaeffel F. The effect of ambient illuminance on the development of deprivation myopia in chicks. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50(11): 5348-5354. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.09-3419
French AN, Ashby RS, Morgan IG, Rose KA. Time outdoors and the prevention of myopia. Exp Eye Res. 2013;114: 58-68. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2013.04.018
Rey-Rodríguez DV, Álvarez-Peregrina C, Moreno-Montoya J. Prevalencia y factores asociados a miopía en jóvenes. Rev Mex Oftalmol. 2017;91(5): 223-228. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mexoft.2016.06.007
Mutti DO. Vitamin D may reduce the prevalence of myopia in Korean adolescents. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55(4): 2048. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-14117
JT Siegwart, Norton TT. Perspective: How Might Emmetropization and Genetic Factors Produce Myopia in Normal Eyes? 2011;88(3): E365–E372. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e31820b053d
Wu P-C, Tsai C-L, Wu H-L, Yang Y-H, Kuo H-K. Outdoor activity during class recess reduces myopia onset and progression in school children. Ophthalmology. 2013;120(5): 1080-1085. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.11
Annamaneni S, Bindu CH, Reddy KP, Vishnupriya S. Association of vitamin D receptor gene start codon (Fok1) polymorphism with high myopia. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2011;4(2): 57-62. Disponible en: https://doi.org/ 10.4103/0974-620X.83654
Reins RY, McDermott AM. Vitamin D: Implications for ocular disease and therapeutic potential. Exp Eye Res. 2015;134: 101-110. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2015.02.019
Pan C-W, Qian D-J, Saw S-M. Time outdoors, blood vitamin D status and myopia: a review. Photo Photobio Sci. 2017;16(3): 426-432. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1039/c6pp00292g
Kwon J-W, Choi JA, La TY. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with myopia in the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(46): e5012. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000005012
Flitcroft DI. The complex interactions of retinal, optical and environmental factors in myopia aetiology. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2012;31(6): 622-660. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.06.004
Tang S, Lau T, Rong SS, Yazar S, Chen LJ, Mackey DA, et al. Vitamin D and its pathway genes in myopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bri J Opthal. 2018;103(1). Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312159
Wacker M, Holick MF. Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health. Derm Endocrinol. 2013;5(1): 51-108. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.4161/derm.24494
McKnight C, Sherwin JC, Yazar S, Forward H, Tan AX, Hewitt AW, et al. Myopia in young adults is inversely related to an objective marker of ocular sun exposure: the Western Australian Raine cohort study. Am J Ophtahalmol. 2014;158(5): 1079-1085. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2014.07.033
Jin J-X, Hua W-J, Jiang X, Wu X-Y, Yang J-W, Gao G-P, et al. Effect of outdoor activity on myopia onset and progression in school-aged children in northeast china: the sujiatun eye care study. BMC Ophthalmol. 2015;15(73). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-015-0052-9
Lingham G, Milne E, Cross D, English DR, Johnston RS, Lucas RM, et al. Investigating the long-term impact of a childhood sun-exposure intervention, with a focus on eye health: protocol for the Kidskin-Young Adult Myopia Study. Brit J Opth. 2018. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020868
Hwang H, Chun MY, Kim JS, Oh B, Yoo SH, Cho B-J. Risk Factors for High Myopia in Koreans: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Curr Eye Res. 2018;43(8). Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2018.1472286
Keywords
environmental factors in myopia
vitamin D deficiency
increased prevalence of myopia